Now that you understand the basics of ion exchange, lets put a membrane, containing an ionophore, between an unknown analyte solution and a known reference solution (Figure 3). How many molecules are there in one mole of calcium ions? This method is shown schematically in Figure 3.3.2. For further reading on ISEs, refer to references 8 through 13 and the following online resources: Section on ISEs found at Chemistry Hypermedia Project, ISE products from GlobalSpec (an engineering search engine with free registration). The amount of hydrogen phosphate ions\(\ce{HPO4^{2}}\) and \(\ce{H2PO4^{}}\)in seawater is very low, but they are present in higher amounts in blood, where they also affect acid-base properties. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Neurotransmitters are the receptacles in the body that allow messages to flow from one part of the body to another. Calcium-selective ion exchange resin (Amberlite IRC747) was purchased from Dow Chemical, USA. Although it is convenient to think that \(\ce{NaCl}\) crystals are composed of individual \(\ce{NaCl}\) units, Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) shows that no single ion is exclusively associated with any other single ion. Checkout Interactive Periodic table and download its high resolution image now (Its FREE), References:Valence, Oxidation Number, and Formal Charge (ACS Publications)Charges of elements: (Source). The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. So Na + is the sodium ion; Ca 2+ is the calcium ion. The \(\ce{NH4}\) in the formula represents the ammonium ion, \(\ce{NH4^{+}}\), which indicates that this compound is ionic. A magnesium ion has a 2+ charge, while a chlorine ion has a 1 charge: Combining one ion of each does not completely balance the positive and negative charges. 2) Ionized or free calcium is the physiologically active form that accounts for 50%-60% . Analytical Electrochemistry: Potentiometry, { "01_Junction_Potentials" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02_Direct_Indicator_Electrodes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03_Ion-Selective_Electrodes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04_Reference_Electrodes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05_The_Nernst_Equation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "01_Goals_and_Objectives" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02_Potentiometry_Timeline" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03_Potentiometric_Theory" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04_Instrumentation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05_pH_Electrodes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06_Experiments" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07_Common_Troubleshooting_Tips" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08_References" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "licenseversion:40", "authorname:asdl" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FAnalytical_Chemistry%2FSupplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)%2FAnalytical_Sciences_Digital_Library%2FCourseware%2FAnalytical_Electrochemistry%253A_Potentiometry%2F03_Potentiometric_Theory%2F03_Ion-Selective_Electrodes, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), The most famous glass electrode determines H, The membrane is composed of an insoluble inorganic salt. Protein-bound calcium cannot diffuse through membranes and thus is not usable by tissues. Specific Charge- Calculated Examples The specific charge of a particle is its charge to mass ratio : Symbol for charge Q Symbol for mass m specific charge = EMBED Equation.3 example 1: Calculate the specific charge of the proton. fortified dairy alternatives, such as soy milk. 8 The functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber is the __________. Also, dont forget the that log(1/a) = log(a). The remaining polyatomic anions, which all contain oxygen, in combination with another non-metal, exist as part of a series in which the number of oxygens within the polyatomic unit can vary. 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We do not use 1 as a subscript. the ratio of each kind of ion in the compound, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Your body uses ions (atoms with an electrical charge) in electrolytes to transport things into and out of your cells. Now that we have developed an electrical potential across the membrane, we need to find a way to measure it. Table \(\PageIndex{2}\) lists the ion names and ion formulas of the most common polyatomic ions. Additionally, these suffixes also indicate the relative number of oxygens that are contained within the polyatomic ions. a. is a sugar-storage molecule. When crossing charges, it is sometimes necessary to reduce the subscripts to their simplest ratio to write the empirical formula. The selectivity coefficient is a numerical measure of how well the membrane can discriminate against the interfering ion. The electrical charge of an atom is small. - Benefits, Foods & Side Effects, What Is Riboflavin? For all of the ISEs described above, the same equations can be used to predict the relationship between potential and analyte activity (A) or concentration. charge/mass of ion = (2e/ (20m p + 20m n) However you can see that the answer is only to 2sf.. and mass of proton and neutron are the same to 3sf.. This chemical formula says that there are one magnesium ion and two chloride ions in this formula. Animals such as snails, crabs, and turtles all benefit from the ability to accrue this calcium compound in their bodies. As K + (a positively charged ion) diffuses out of the cell, it leaves behind negatively charged proteins. What is the number of protons and neutrons for Carbon 22? All rights reserved. This rule is ultimately based on the fact that matter is, overall, electrically neutral. Electron 5. Stewart, G. R. "Measurement of low-temperature specific heat." Review of Scientific Instruments, volume 54, number 1, 1983, . Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. (In fact, it is ionic.) Understand what the net ionic charge of a calcium ion is and its importance. Specific charge is the charge per unit mass of a substance. (Remember that the convention for writing formulas for ionic compounds is not to include the ionic charge.) $ I R 8 Amphipathic Molecules Overview & Examples | What are Amphipathic Molecules? This would mean that calcium has lost its 2 valence electrons and has 2 more protons than electrons. A positively charged particle is called a cation, while a negatively charged . All three are released or synthesized in response to the blood levels of calcium. Calcium can most commonly be found in its ionic form, however, which carries a +2 charge. Write the chemical formula for a simple ionic compound. Iron can form two possible ions, but the ion with a 3+ charge is specified here. Nanopores in 15 nm thick silicon nitride films were drilled using focused ion beam and e-beam in a transmission electron microscope and subsequently rendered negatively charged through silanization. { "4.01:_4.1-Types_of_Chemical_Bonding" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.02:_Ions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.03:_Formulas_for_Ionic_Compounds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.04:_Ionic_Nomenclature" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.05:_Transition_Metal_Ion_Formation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.06:_Formula_Mass" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.07:__Characteristics_of_Ionic_Compounds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Matter_Measurements_and_Calculations" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Atoms_and_Molecules" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Electronic_Structure_and_the_Periodic_Law" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Chemical_Bond_I" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Chemical_Bond_II" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Intermolecular_Forces" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Overview_of_Inorganic_Compounds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Chemical_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "hypothesis:yes", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "source[1]-chem-16137", "source[2]-chem-16137", "licenseversion:40" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FBrevard_College%2FCHE_103_Principles_of_Chemistry_I%2F04%253A_Chemical_Bond_I%2F4.03%253A_Formulas_for_Ionic_Compounds, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\). You need 2 chloride anions to balance each calcium cation. By convention, the lowest whole-number ratio of the ions is used in ionic formulas. Unfortunately, the relative nature of these suffixes mandates that the ion formula/ion name combinations of the polyatomic ions must simply be memorized. By convention, assume that there is only one atom if a subscript is not present. Over 99 percent of total body calcium is found as calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca10[PO4]6[OH]2) in bones and teeth, where it provides hard tissue with its strength. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Since the potential of the reference electrode is constant, it is the potential developed at the indicator electrode that contains information about the amount of analyte in a sample. As with the ion-exchange process, equilibrium is established at both solution-membrane interfaces. Answer (1 of 5): Calcium has an electron configuration of: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 This means it has two valence electrons, which are the electrons in the outermost shell (in this case, the only two electrons in energy level 4). In this lesson, learn about the calcium ion charge and find the calcium ion formula. n,-n /) is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge.. An error occurred trying to load this video. The ionophore is a neutral carrier molecule represented by the blue oval. What is the specific charge Press J to jump to the feed. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Sometimes more than one ion is needed to balance the charge on the other ion in an ionic compound. Bones rely on the calcium ions being present in a body to make the chemical known as hydroxyapatite, which gives bones strength and rigidity. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Specific charge is the ratio of an atoms mass to its electrical charge. The cation exchanger is dissolved in an organic solvent and held in a porous compartment between the analyte solution and internal reference calcium chloride solution. 22 chapters | Calcium dialkyl phosphate complex. As you can see the main difference between an ISE and the direct indicator electrode is in the ISE's composition. Continue onto the next page to work on some problems about ISEs. Specific charge is charge per kilogram (it tells you that by giving you the unit!) The formula for an ionic compound follows several conventions. The phosphate group can be protonated, but has a strong affinity for Ca2+. The similarity may be more than mere coincidence; many scientists think that the first forms of life on Earth arose in the oceans. Because everyone is different, sometimes you may have a result that falls outside the reference range. Only one ion of each is needed to balance these charges. Calcium is a silvery-white, soft metal that tarnishes rapidly in air and reacts with water. First, the cation is written before the anion. ", The formulas you get given are https://imgur.com/a/91FL4 If anyone could point me in the right direction it would be much appreciated. the number of protons = number of electrons. Have all your study materials in one place. <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/Group<>/Contents 261 0 R >> They include calcium's ability to: 2 Help form bones and teeth Help maintain body strength Assist in the movement of muscles Assist with nerve messaging between the brain and body systems Help blood flow as vessels relax and constrict You need to divide an atoms electrical charge by its mass. Ionic compounds exist as alternating positive and negative ions in regular, three-dimensional arrays called crystals (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). In other words, imagine you had a kilogram of calcium ions. For each pair of elements, determine the charge for their ions and write the proper formula for the resulting ionic compound between them. <>stream of the users don't pass the Specific Charge quiz! > @ X bjbj$$ . Which compounds would you predict to be ionic? b. is released into the sarcoplasm by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. F F X , J j In addition to humans and animals, plants too can benefit from the presence of calcium nutrients. Therefore, it is most likely an ionic compound. Moreover, calcium has a dual role in this process; it not only neutralizes the charge but also weakens the cell membrane to produce invaginations (Stein, 1990; Thomas and Rice, 2014). In contrast, the compound NO2 contains two elements that are both nonmetals (nitrogen, from group 5A, and oxygen, from group 6A). Note that only one polyatomic ion in this Table, the ammonium ion (NH4+1), is a cation. 1. the ratio of each kind of ion in the compound. x+2T0 BCcJLLJ64Rp We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Write the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed by each pair of ions. When the atom loses or gains one or more electrons, the electric charge is generated (and an ion is formed). endobj Question: LAB REPORT SHEET Compounds and Their Bonds 9 A. Ions: Transfer of Electrons Element Atomi1. In calcium chloride, there are two Cl- anions per Ca2+cation, so the empirical formula for calcium chlorideis CaCl2. Also note that this combination of nitrogen and oxygen has no electric charge specified, so it is not the nitrite ion. However, if the concentrations are not equal, a membrane potential will develop. In contrast, seawater is principally a 3% sodium chloride solution, over three times the concentration in blood. The cation-exchanger is an aliphatic diester of phosphoric acid, (RO)2PO2-, where each R group is an aliphatic hydrocarbon chain containing between 8 and 16 carbons. This difference is significant because the hydrogen carbonate ion and some related ions have a crucial role in controlling the acid-base properties of blood. 9. Lets call this analyte ion i and its activity Ai (note that the charge is now zi). succeed. The findings indicate that MoVO provides one of the best performances reported to date for the storage of calcium ions. PubChem . Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Sodium is a metal, and oxygen is a nonmetal; therefore, \(\ce{Na2O}\) is expected to be ionic. Potassium flow also decreases. A chemical formula is a concise list of the elements in a compound and the ratios of these elements. The resulting charge separation at each interface leads to a phase-boundary potential. What is the specific charge of an electron? National Library of Medicine. Make sure that you are on the Pb2+ tab. The specific capacity increases to 624 C/g with 0.8% Dy doping in CaWO 4 as compared to 115 C/g of undoped CaWO 4 at a sweep rate . To better understand what a chemical formula means, we must consider how an ionic compound is constructed from its ions. Unfortunately, much like the common system for naming transition metals, these suffixes only indicate the relative number of oxygens that are contained within the polyatomic ions. This combination is written as \(\ce{AlF3}\). Chlorine does not exist as a diatomic element in this compound. It has a charge of 3.2 10 19 C and it has a mass of 3.98 10 26 k g. Specific charge is 8.04 10 6 C k g 1. Other elements that share similar characteristics as calcium would be magnesium, beryllium, and strontium based on their locations on the periodic table. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Is it positive or negative? Calcium is a mineral most often associated with healthy bones and teeth, although it also plays an important role in blood clotting, helping muscles to contract, and regulating normal heart rhythms and nerve functions. Here, we report oxide structures containing big open spaces (heptagonal and hexagonal channels) as a prospective solution. The formula for lithium bromide is \(\ce{LiBr}\). During the formation of a bond, calcium donates two electrons of the last shell to form bonds and turns into a calcium ion(Ca 2+). The phosphate group can be protonated, but has a strong affinity for Ca2+. There are exceptions for certain ions, such as \(\ce{Hg2^{2+}}\). CV analyzes the electrochemical characteristics and charge storage mechanism of calcium tungstate and dysprosium (0.8%) doped . = . X\ Calcium has a positive 2 charge when it is in its ion form. The aim of this work is the study of the effect of electromagnetic radiations (ELF-EMF) tuned to the calcium cyclotron resonance condition of 7.0 Hz, 9.2 T on the differentiation process of pituitary corticotrope-derived AtT20 D16V cells. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. After all, both liquids have ionic compounds dissolved in them. (a) The nucleus of a particular atom has a nucleon number of 14 and a proton number of 6. Redox processes do not occur at ISEs. What is the charge of one calcium ion (in elementary charges and/or couloms)? Name the particles responsible for positive charge. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. If the element has more than one possible charge, the value of the charge comes after the element name and before the word ion. Specifically, for trigonal MoVO, a specific capacity of 203 mAh g 1. In an ionic compound likeCaCl2, the Ca is a positive ion (Ca 2+) and has transferred/lost two electrons to the two Chlorine atoms which now each have an extra electron and are negative (Cl-). Phase 0 is depolarization of the membrane and the opening of "fast" (i.e., high-flow) sodium channels. When kij values are less than 1, the ISE is more responsive to the analyte ion and when kij values are greater than 1, the ISE is more responsive to the interfering ion. Using a simple, general trend for the ionic charge for elements on the Periodic Table, in this video we find the ionic charge for Calcium (Ca). The recommended dietary allowance of calcium for adults aged 19-50 is . a calcium ion is formed by removing two electrons from an atom of Ca. Its ionic formula is written as CaCl 2, the neutral combination of these ions. Proper chemical formulas for ionic compounds balance the total positive charge with the total negative charge. In the case of an element such as calcium, it will donate its two valence electrons to make a positively charged cation. 2. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. That +2 charge is a result of calcium having 2 valence electrons that get donated to another ion to make a compound. Initially, researchers attempted to use glass membrane electrodes (which had been successful for monovalent cations such as H, An alternative to wet liquid membrane electrodes is to use a polymeric membrane, which is composed of a polymer such as polyvinylchloride (PVC), a plasticizer, and the ion carrier or exchanger. Electron- 3. These components are shown in Figure 1. endobj 4 0 obj To balance the positive and negative charges, we look to the least common multiple6: two iron 3+ ions will give 6+, while three 2 oxygen ions will give 6, thereby balancing the overall positive and negative charges. Remember that in an ionic compound, the component species are ions, not neutral atoms, even though the formula does not contain charges. a specific ion electrode will only respond to the presence of one species. Point of care diagnostics: Clinical Instrumentation Refresher Series: Ion Selective Electrodes by William R. Hliwa, Western New York Microcomputer, Inc., April, 1998: available for purchase through Med TechNet Online Services. They rely so much on it, that it is actually the most abundant mineral present. Calcium ions are known to contribute to many biological processes, such as synaptic transmission, secretion, ciliary motility, enzyme activation, muscular contraction processes, multiplication, growth, and development. Spirogyra Characteristics, Movement & Locomotion | What Are Spirogyras? Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you c. activates myosin kinase in smooth muscle contraction. The abundance of negative charges present on glycosaminoglycan chains enable sequestration of Ca 2+ ions and various bioactive growth factors, as well as contributing to the overall negative charge of bone tissue, which is the reason why bone regeneration and healing is promoted when the natural electrical microenvironment at the defect site is .