As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. Weekly Newspaper Articles as Primary Sources. In the sciences and social sciences, primary sources or 'primary research' are original research experiments, studies, or . The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. Sulla then duly besieged the city. After some days, both sides engaged in battle. Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. He used his powers to purge his opponents, and reform Roman constitutional laws, to restore the primacy of the Senate and limit the power of the tribunes of the plebs. The source types commonly used in academic writing include: Academic journals. The collection currently contains . Sulla immediately proscribed 80 persons without communicating with any magistrate. As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and thus the Senate. He dismissed his lictores and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. He then fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the Cimbrian War, and Italian allies during the Social War. [47], Sulla's campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the Euphrates, where he was approached by an embassy from the Parthian Empire. [63] All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89. porterville unified school district human resources; Tags . The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. Primary sources are original . Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC. Marius (C. Marius) - Roman consul, seven times from 107 B.C. [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. [115] Sulla, buoyed by his previous looting in Asia, was able to advance quickly and largely without the ransacking of the Italian countryside. Sulla then left for Capua before joining an army near Nola in southern Italy.[74]. [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium . Ozzy Osbourne Grandchildren, Dalton Smith Pogo Stick, Best Basketball Camps In Ontario, Rinnai R53i Parts Diagram, Mennonite Vs Amish Vs Mormon, Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. primary name: Sulla, Lucius Cornelius other name: Cornelius L f P n Sulla Felix . Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. From 133BC and the start of Tiberius Gracchus' land reforms, Italian communities were displaced from de jure Roman public lands over which no title had been enforced for generations. Killing Cluentius before the city's walls, Sulla then invested the town and for his efforts was awarded a grass crown, the highest Roman military honour. [88] Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. He was awarded the Grass Crown for his bravery at the Battle of Nola. A list of useful online sources for reading about Rome at the time of Sulla Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius - Includes maps of the Roman world, texts of several primary sources, and William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Shortly before Sulla's first consulship, the Romans fought the bloody Social War against their . Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . The two armies then crossed the Po and attacked the Cimbri. [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. 134/4 C.Marius spends his early life in the countryside near Arpinum. [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. Historians to Sulla's dictatorship such as Livy (From the Founding of the City) and Appian (Roman History, especially the section regarding the Civil Wars) include additional details of Marius' life during the Social War while other sources list brief statements of note. [38] The next year, Sulla was elected military tribune and served under Marius,[39] and assigned to treat with the Marsi, part of the Germanic invaders, he was able to negotiate their defection from the Cimbri and Teutones. Sulla then increased the number of magistrates elected in any given year, and required that all newly elected quaestores gain automatic membership in the Senate. Gill. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. Resigning his dictatorship in 79 BC, Sulla retired to private life and died the following year. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. [76][77] They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command. Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. was the first man to use the army to establish a personal autocracy at Rome.. Sulla first came into prominence when he served as quaestor (107-106 B.C.) He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". Research Process and Acumen: Experience with primary sources can support future academic success. [112] However, this and Sulla's delay in Asia are "not enough to absolve him of the charge of being more concerned with revenge on opponents in Italy than with Mithridates". He never allowed his debaucheries to interfere with his duties but he devoted all his leisure time to them. Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the Pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. [100] The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible. The United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, when the U.S. Congress agreed to a declaration of war. He was then assigned by lot to serve under the consul Gaius Marius. Scipio's men quickly abandoned him for Sulla; finding him almost alone in his camp, Sulla tried again to persuade Scipio to defect. Sulla had officially been declared an outlaw and in the eyes of the Cinnan regime, Flaccus was to take command of an army without a legal commander. After Sulla had recovered the government by force of arms, everybody became robbers and plunderers. With military and diplomatic victory, his political fortunes seemed positive. However, this material may be located in a number of places including in the library, elsewhere on campus, or even online. Jugurtha had fled to his father-in-law, King Bocchus I of Mauretania (a nearby kingdom); Marius invaded Mauretania, and after a pitched battle in which both Sulla and Marius played important roles in securing victory, Bocchus felt forced by Roman arms to betray Jugurtha. With Sulpicius able to enact legislation without consular opposition, Sulla discovered that Marius had tricked him, for the first piece of legislation Sulpicius brought was a law transferring the command against Mithridates to Marius. Primary sources are contrasted with secondary sources, works that provide analysis, commentary, or criticism on the primary source. Examples of tertiary sources include encyclopedias and dictionaries, chronologies, almanacs, directories, indexes, and bibliographies. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. When Scipio refused, Sulla let him go. An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. In 109, Rome sent Quintus Caecilius Metellus to continue the war. For instance, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is a primary source because it is the most famous art piece during the Renaissance period. He defeated Norbanus at the Battle of Mount Tifata, forcing the consul to withdraw. In a dispute over the command of the war against Mithridates, initially awarded to Sulla by the Senate, but withdrawn as a result of Marius' intrigues, Sulla marched on Rome in an unprecedented act and defeated Marian forces in battle. Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . The Steamboat Adventure. [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . This distinction is important because it will affect how you understand these sources. Threatened by the Pontic navy, Sulla sent his quaestor Lucullus to scrounge about for allied naval forces. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. Pueblo, CO 81001. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . In a typical year, the Graduate Acting Department will personally audition more than 800 students in order to select an ensemble of 16 actors. Years later, in 91BC, Bocchus paid for the erection of gilded equestrian statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[8] (/sl/; 13878 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. [24] Keaveney 2005, pp. Newspapers. The first of the, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (. National Archives Catalog Find online primary source materials for classroom & student projects from the National Archive's online catalog (OPA). Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. Sulla's law waived the sponsio, allowing such cases to be heard without it. The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, respectively. The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian acropolis was taken. Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. [27], When Marius took over the war, he entrusted Sulla to organise cavalry forces in Italy needed to pursue the mobile Numidians into the desert. [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. [37], Starting in 104BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. The Acropolis was then besieged. A research article or study proving this would be a primary source. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. Sulla, meanwhile, had to allow matters to unfold beyond his control. Pompey, the son of Pompey Strabo, raised a legion from his clients in Picenum and also joined Sulla; Sulla treated him with great respect and addressed him as imperator before dispatching him to raise more troops. Sulla, himself a patrician, thus ineligible for election to the office of Plebeian Tribune, thoroughly disliked the office. The assembly of the people subsequently ratified the decision, with no limit set on his time in office. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the Second Punic War, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to a single individual. Later political leaders such as Julius Caesar would follow his precedent in attaining political power through force. 719-549-2333. [59] Sulla attempted also to assist Lucius' relief of the city of Aesernia, which was under siege, but both men were unsuccessful. In 89BC, one of the tribunes of the plebs passed the lex Plautia Papiria, which granted citizenship to all of the allies (with exception for the Samnites and Lucanians still under arms). He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. "[132] The majority of the proscribed had not been enemies of Sulla, but instead were killed for their property, which was confiscated and auctioned off. His son, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, issued denarii bearing the name of the dictator,[151] as did a grandson, Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Sulla played an important role in the long political struggle between the optimates and populares factions at Rome. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. Proscribing or outlawing every one of those whom he perceived to have acted against the best interests of the Republic while he was in the east, Sulla ordered some 1,500 nobles (i.e. [141][140][142][143][144] Accounts were also written that he had an infestation of worms, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death. [citation needed], The second law concerned the sponsio, which was the sum in dispute in cases of debt, and usually had to be lodged with the praetor before the case was heard. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. [107], Mithridates, still in Asia, was faced with local uprisings against his rule. [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. [53], Relations between Rome and its allies (the socii), had deteriorated over the years up to 91BC. [65] This had been preceded by the lex Julia, passed by Lucius Julius Caesar in October 90BC, which had granted citizenship to those allies who remained loyal. Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic [121], Fighting in 83BC began with reverses for Sulla's opponents: their governors in Africa and Sardinia were deposed. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. At the same time, Mithridates attempted to force a land battle in northern Greece, and dispatched a large army across the Hellespont. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. under Gaius Marius in the wars against the Numidian rebel Jugurtha. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. Secondary sources are interpretations of history. In the ensuing fight, Sulla defeated Marius, who consequently fled to Praeneste. His third wife was Cloelia, whom Sulla divorced due to sterility. Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. At the meeting, he took the seat between the Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, and Ariobarzanes, seeking to gain psychological advantage over the Partian envoy by portraying the Parthians and the Cappadocians as equals with Rome as superior. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. J. Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers). Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the cursus honorum, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for any particular office. . The constitutional reforms of Sulla were a series of laws enacted by the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla between 82 and 80 BC, reforming the Constitution of the Roman Republic in a revolutionary way.. Primary Sources Sallust. Primary sources are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying. Archives; Correspondence [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. 213/23 P.Cornelius Sulla is chosen to be Flamen Dialis.
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